Bingham Mansion
3rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Completed in 1788, for Senator William Bingham (1752-1804) and his beautiful wife, Ann Willing (1764-1801). On a 3-acre estate next to Powel House, their 18,000-square foot Neo-Classical mansion was the largest by a long stretch of any in Philadelphia and at the time it was recognized as one the five largest homes in America among the likes of the John Brown House. It was designed by an English architect and directly modelled on an expanded version of Hertford House in London. Whereas The Woodlands was the first country mansion in America to be built in the style of Robert Adam (1728-1792), Bingham's mansion was the first townhouse. As leading socialites, their home was an epicenter for fashionable and enlightened society, and it was here that they hosted the first masquerade ball to be held in Philadelphia....
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The Binghams were the most glamorous, sought after and influential young couple in post-revolutionary America - the JFK and Jackie of their time. By 1776, when quills were being dipped to sign the U.S. Declaration of Independence, William Bingham was already a millionaire and estimated to be the richest man in America - he was just 28 years old.
In 1813, John Quincy Adams recalled that in the late 18th century, the Presidency, the Capital and the Country had been governed by Bingham and his family connections. Nancy Bingham had already dazzled the courts of London and Paris before returning to Philadelphia as the city's undisputed society hostess. In 1858, Samuel Breck (1771-1862) paid her high praise: "Mrs. Bingham stood above competition in her day; nor has anyone of equal refinement in address or social stateliness & graceful superintendence of a splendid establishment, been produced since in any circle of our city".
In 1813, John Quincy Adams recalled that in the late 18th century, the Presidency, the Capital and the Country had been governed by Bingham and his family connections. Nancy Bingham had already dazzled the courts of London and Paris before returning to Philadelphia as the city's undisputed society hostess. In 1858, Samuel Breck (1771-1862) paid her high praise: "Mrs. Bingham stood above competition in her day; nor has anyone of equal refinement in address or social stateliness & graceful superintendence of a splendid establishment, been produced since in any circle of our city".
The Design
In 1782, the Binghams departed for a four year tour of Europe and it was early on during this time that they started to consider the type of home they would build for themselves on their return. From England in December, 1783, Bingham informed his father-in-law, Thomas Willing, of the developments: "I have sketched out the plan of a house & have employed an architect to execute it properly... the stile of building at present exhibits a remarkable show of simplicity united with elegance & is exceedingly well-calculated for the meridian of our country." The architect was John Plaw (1745-1820) and whether it was through his influence or Bingham's, the proposed structure was directly modelled on an expanded version of Hertford House, the Duke of Manchester's London townhouse.
In 1782, the Binghams departed for a four year tour of Europe and it was early on during this time that they started to consider the type of home they would build for themselves on their return. From England in December, 1783, Bingham informed his father-in-law, Thomas Willing, of the developments: "I have sketched out the plan of a house & have employed an architect to execute it properly... the stile of building at present exhibits a remarkable show of simplicity united with elegance & is exceedingly well-calculated for the meridian of our country." The architect was John Plaw (1745-1820) and whether it was through his influence or Bingham's, the proposed structure was directly modelled on an expanded version of Hertford House, the Duke of Manchester's London townhouse.
The House
The Binghams returned from Europe in the spring of 1786 ladened not only with exquisite furnishings, paintings and marble statues; but, with materials including glass, brassware, paint, and notably Coade stone for the external medallions, entablatures, key stones and mouldings. They purchased a lot of land measuring 262-feet on Third Street; 396-feet on Spruce Street, and 292-feet on Fourth Street - occupying an entire city block. It sat either between or along from the mansions belonging to Mrs Bingham's father and her uncle, Samuel Powel, whose house is seen in the background of the main image.
The Binghams returned from Europe in the spring of 1786 ladened not only with exquisite furnishings, paintings and marble statues; but, with materials including glass, brassware, paint, and notably Coade stone for the external medallions, entablatures, key stones and mouldings. They purchased a lot of land measuring 262-feet on Third Street; 396-feet on Spruce Street, and 292-feet on Fourth Street - occupying an entire city block. It sat either between or along from the mansions belonging to Mrs Bingham's father and her uncle, Samuel Powel, whose house is seen in the background of the main image.
Completed in 1788, the Bingham's 18,000 square foot mansion was now the largest private residence in the city - exceeding by some 4,000 square feet that of his father-in-law's business partner, Robert Morris. In 1790, it was counted among the five largest houses then in America: it stood three stories high, measuring-100 feet across (including the wings) with a depth of 60-feet and double octagon backs. The facade was set back from the sidewalk so that it looked out onto the circular driveway fronting Third Street. In 1789, Charles Bulfinch found it to be, "in a stile which would be esteemed splendid even in the most luxurious parts of Europe".
The variety of its external ornamentations - recently made fashionable by Robert Adam in England - was then almost unseen in America. But, in a city surrounded by Quaker austerity, not everyone greeted it with approval. In her book, Furnishing the Republican Court: Building and Decorating Philadelphia Homes, 1790-1800 (2008), Amy Henderson paints a vivid impression of the house as seen from the street:
Among the more distinctive details of the Mansion House facade are the narrative plaques with reclining female figures positioned above the second story windows... The facade of Mansion House is defined by the interplay of varying shapes: rectangular and square windows along the outer bays contrast with the semi-circular windows progressing from the traceried fanlight gracing the front door to the balconied Venetian and delicate lunette windows above.
Perhaps the main difference between the fenestration in Mansion House and Manchester House is that the Binghams enclosed their Venetian window whereas the Duke of Manchester may have left his as an open logia. Further in accordance with their London model, the Binghams built single-story wings on either side of the main block of the house, giving the facade its great breadth.
The Grounds
To the rear of the house, 3-acres of landscaped gardens were laid out in the English style, designed for Bingham by his close friend and future Prime Minister, William Petty, Earl of Shelburne. The gardens extended south to Spruce Street and west to 4th Street and were said to contain perhaps the most extensive array of fruit trees of any in Philadelphia.
The perimeter of the gardens were surrounded by a high iron fence and lined with Lombardy Poplars imported from England. Two fawn deers were gifted to the Binghams by Jacob Read (1752-1816) and they grazed within the gardens on a variety of shrubs, citrus and rare specimen trees. Outbuildings included an ice house, milk house, stables and a greenhouse containing more than 500-varieties of exotic plants that supplied them with flowers throughout the year.
To the rear of the house, 3-acres of landscaped gardens were laid out in the English style, designed for Bingham by his close friend and future Prime Minister, William Petty, Earl of Shelburne. The gardens extended south to Spruce Street and west to 4th Street and were said to contain perhaps the most extensive array of fruit trees of any in Philadelphia.
The perimeter of the gardens were surrounded by a high iron fence and lined with Lombardy Poplars imported from England. Two fawn deers were gifted to the Binghams by Jacob Read (1752-1816) and they grazed within the gardens on a variety of shrubs, citrus and rare specimen trees. Outbuildings included an ice house, milk house, stables and a greenhouse containing more than 500-varieties of exotic plants that supplied them with flowers throughout the year.
The Layout
The house was entered via stone steps that led up to the front door with rusticated blocks, voussoirs and a masked keystone with a bearded head. The layout of the house followed the latest fashion in London by having the "best rooms" (the drawing rooms, ballroom, parlor and Mrs Bingham's boudoir and state bedchamber) on the second floor, while the third floor and wings were for the staff. The ground floor was principally for receiving and dining, with four reception rooms, an imperial staircase, and bow projections on the garden side. It was centered by the large entrance hall with a mosaic marble floor decorated with a collection of bronze figurines, marble medallions & busts.
The Ground Floor
The Ground Floor
The ground floor featured ten mahogany doors and three marble mantels with walls that were wainscoted and crowned with stucco cornices. The front two rooms off the entrance hall incorporated an office and a parlor, while at the rear was found the library and dining room with matching polygonal ends. Directly across the hall was the most often recalled feature: a wide, self-supporting marble staircase with iron balustrades and steps wide enough to be decorated with marble statues and vases holding tall plants.
Mrs Bingham sold off all her American furniture and decorated the house entirely with European furnishings. In 1794, an English antiquary came to dine and described the Bingham residence as,
Mrs Bingham sold off all her American furniture and decorated the house entirely with European furnishings. In 1794, an English antiquary came to dine and described the Bingham residence as,
A magnificent house and gardens in the best English style, with elegant and even superb furniture: the chairs of the drawing-room were from Seddons's in London, of the newest taste; the back in the form of a lyre, adorned with festoons of crimson and yellow silk, the curtains of the room a festoon of the same: the carpet one of Moore's most expensive patterns: the room was papered in the French taste, after the style of the Vatican at Rome...
Having been received and dined, guests were then conveyed via the grand staircase to be entertained in the principal rooms on the second floor, as described by the Polish poet and statesman Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (1758-1841): "One mounts a staircase of white native marble. One enters an immense room with a sculptured fireplace, painted ceilings, magnificent rugs, curtains, armchairs, sofas in Gobelins of France".
The Second Floor
From the "immense" landing on the second floor, parallel doors at the rear led directly to the ballroom and drawing room (35-feet long, 23-feet wide) noted for its lavish decorations and views over the gardens. The front rooms constituted Mrs Bingham's bedchamber, dressing room and parlor and it is thought that each of the rooms on the second floor were connected, sometimes by hidden doors, inviting the guests to circulate freely from room-to-room in what Amy Henderson aptly termed as, "an elaborate social parade".
The Guests
Robert Gilmor Jr., of Baltimore noted that, "all the most distinguished men of the day were his (Bingham's) intimate friends" including George Washington and Alexander Hamilton who borrowed styles from the Bingham house for Hamilton Grange. Thomas Pinckney sent any businessmen from London up to Bingham's and similarly Bingham's close friend the Marquis of Lansdowne sent the most prominent of the French emigres to him: it was at the Bingham house that King Louis-Philippe I of France, accompanied by his two brothers, fell in love with Mrs Bingham's youngest sister, Abby Willing.
The Center of High Society
The Bingham's guest list featured anyone who was anyone in the pro tempore capital and no expense was spared to dazzle those lucky enough to be invited: Dinner parties featured as many as 30-different courses - delivered by a profusion of liveried servants - with on at least one occasion ripe orange trees beckoning to be plucked as they made up the centerpiece of the long dining room table.
Nancy Bingham's charismatic and politically astute aunt, Mrs Elizabeth Powel, was the first to introduce Philadelphia at Powel House to the French fashion of holding Grand Salons; lavishly entertaining her guests while facilitating alliances between the political and social elite of the 1770s and 80s. Having learnt much from her aunt, in the 1790s it was the turn of the beautiful and popular Mrs Bingham to hold court from her new mansion, at which she was the star attraction: First Lady Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd President of the United States, declared that, "Mrs Bingham taken altogether is the finest woman I ever saw. The intelligence of her countenance, the elegance of her form, and the affability of her manners, converts you into admiration.."
The Guests
Robert Gilmor Jr., of Baltimore noted that, "all the most distinguished men of the day were his (Bingham's) intimate friends" including George Washington and Alexander Hamilton who borrowed styles from the Bingham house for Hamilton Grange. Thomas Pinckney sent any businessmen from London up to Bingham's and similarly Bingham's close friend the Marquis of Lansdowne sent the most prominent of the French emigres to him: it was at the Bingham house that King Louis-Philippe I of France, accompanied by his two brothers, fell in love with Mrs Bingham's youngest sister, Abby Willing.
The Center of High Society
The Bingham's guest list featured anyone who was anyone in the pro tempore capital and no expense was spared to dazzle those lucky enough to be invited: Dinner parties featured as many as 30-different courses - delivered by a profusion of liveried servants - with on at least one occasion ripe orange trees beckoning to be plucked as they made up the centerpiece of the long dining room table.
Nancy Bingham's charismatic and politically astute aunt, Mrs Elizabeth Powel, was the first to introduce Philadelphia at Powel House to the French fashion of holding Grand Salons; lavishly entertaining her guests while facilitating alliances between the political and social elite of the 1770s and 80s. Having learnt much from her aunt, in the 1790s it was the turn of the beautiful and popular Mrs Bingham to hold court from her new mansion, at which she was the star attraction: First Lady Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd President of the United States, declared that, "Mrs Bingham taken altogether is the finest woman I ever saw. The intelligence of her countenance, the elegance of her form, and the affability of her manners, converts you into admiration.."
The Binghams gave the first Masquerade Ball to be held in the city, encouraging what then became a mania among wealthy Americans. In their own words, George Washington (1732-1799) dined "in great splendor" at the mansion on several occasions while Charles Bulfinch (1763-1844) wondered in awe at the "utmost magnificence of the decorations".
The Critics
The European fashion in which the house was built, furnished and lived in found many critics among Americans who were brought up with the strict conservative values of old Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. In 1799, Harrison Gray Otis wrote to his wife - "the queen of Boston society" - that he had seen Mrs Bingham's second daughter, Maria,
The European fashion in which the house was built, furnished and lived in found many critics among Americans who were brought up with the strict conservative values of old Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. In 1799, Harrison Gray Otis wrote to his wife - "the queen of Boston society" - that he had seen Mrs Bingham's second daughter, Maria,
... in a dress you will hardly believe it is possible for a lady to wear, at least at this season (winter). A muslin robe and her chemise and no other article of cloathing upon her body. I have been regaled with the sight of her whole leg for five minutes together, and do not know 'to what height' the fashion will be carried. The particulars of her dress I have from Mrs. Fâ, who assures me that her chemise is fringed to look like a petticoat.
Although a great admirer of Mrs Bingham as mentioned previously, Samuel Breck (1771-1862), who ironically had been educated in France, found Bingham himself "a boar" and somewhat blindly blamed him for the European customs upheld at the mansion:
(Mr Bingham) was a millionaire who lived in the most showy style of any American. The forms at his house were not suited to our (American) manners. I was often at his parties at which each guest was called aloud and taken up by a servant on the stairs, who passed it on to the man-in-waiting at the drawing room door. In this drawing room the furniture was superb Gobelin and the folding doors were covered with mirrors, which reflected the figures of the company, so as to deceive an untraveled countryman, who, having been paraded up the marble stairway amid echos of his name - oftimes made very ridiculous by the queer manner in which the servants pronounced it - would enter the brilliant apartment and salute the looking glasses instead of the master and mistress of the house and their guests!
The End
Despite their critics, the Binghams enjoyed a charmed life between Philadelphia and their country mansion, Lansdowne House, but neither were destined for long lives.
In 1801, a matter of months after giving birth to their third child, the wife that Bingham doted upon was dead. Instead of resting after the birth of her son, the vivacious though still frail Nancy - against the advice of all those close to her - could not resist turning down an invitation and set off on a sleighing party, "possibly an all-night party with a fiddler beside the coachman, warm bricks for the feet, frequent stops at taverns for hot punch and oyster stew, and travel over the snow with incredible speed and smoothness".
Despite their critics, the Binghams enjoyed a charmed life between Philadelphia and their country mansion, Lansdowne House, but neither were destined for long lives.
In 1801, a matter of months after giving birth to their third child, the wife that Bingham doted upon was dead. Instead of resting after the birth of her son, the vivacious though still frail Nancy - against the advice of all those close to her - could not resist turning down an invitation and set off on a sleighing party, "possibly an all-night party with a fiddler beside the coachman, warm bricks for the feet, frequent stops at taverns for hot punch and oyster stew, and travel over the snow with incredible speed and smoothness".
The cold she contracted soon became tuberculosis and as was usual for the time a sojourn in warmer climes was recommended by her doctors. In April, 1801, the city's residents turned out on to the streets to see the once brilliant and beautiful Nancy Bingham conveyed from her home to Willing Dock where she was placed aboard a ship bound for Madeira - with a lead-lined coffin stowed below the decks. At sea, she took a turn for the worse and the ship changed course for Bermuda. Nancy died four days after reaching land, at the age of thirty seven.
Within the year, her inconsolable husband packed up shop as it were and headed to the fashionable spa town of Bath in England to live with his eldest daughter, Ann, and her husband, Lord Ashburton. He was accompanied by his other daughter, Maria, while his infant son, William Jr., who later built the Bingham Mansion in Montreal, was left in Philadelphia under the care of his grandfather, Thomas Willing. Bingham never returned to America and was said to have died of a broken heart just three years later in 1804.
One year following his death, the Bingham mansion in Philadelphia was put up for sale and much of its contents was sold off at auction, causing a considerable stir of excitement in the city. The garden was sold off in lots and in 1815 they were replaced by a row of fine three-story townhouses. One Mr John Brinton purchased the mansion itself and converted it into an hotel known as "Mansion House". It was repaired after a fire in 1823, but succumbed to another in 1847 and was finally razed to the ground circa 1850.
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Mr and Mrs William Bingham of Philadelphia, Rulers of the Republican Court (1937), by Margaret L. Brown; Furnishing the Republican Court: Building and Decorating Philadelphia Homes, 1790-1800 (2008), by Amy Hudson Henderson
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